āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§Š: āĻāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒ – āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ (āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ-ā§§) 1. āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āϞāύā§āϰ (ā§§ā§Žā§§ā§Ģ) āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āϞāύ⧠āĻā§āĻšā§āϤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞā§: ā§§) āύā§āϝāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋ: āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒā§āϰ āϰāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻāĻļāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻĢāĻŋāϰāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻžāĨ¤ ⧍) āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻŖ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§Š: āĻāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒ: āϰāĻžāĻāϤāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāĻāĻžāϤ (Europe in the 19th Century: Conflict between Monarchical and Nationalist Ideals) āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) ā§§ā§Žā§§ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāύ āϰāĻžāĻāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻžāϰ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§¨: āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ – āϰāĻāύāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ (āĻŽāĻžāύ – ā§Ž) āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ ā§§: āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻ āĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰā§āĻŖ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ (āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāϤ ‘āĻā§āĻĄ āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύ’-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§) āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύ āĻŦā§āύāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϰāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āύāĻž, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāĻāĻāύ āϏā§āĻĻāĻā§āώ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāĻ āĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§¨: āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ – āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ 1. āĻā§āĻĄ āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύ (Code Napoleon) āĻŦāĻž āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύ āĻŦā§āύāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻļā§āϰā§āώā§āĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ ā§§ā§Žā§Ļā§Ē āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ ‘āϏāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻā§āĻĄ’ āĻŦāĻž ‘āĻā§āĻĄ āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύ’āĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϏā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻā§ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§¨: āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋā§āύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ – āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ 1. āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ ‘āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦā§āϰ āϏāύā§āϤāĻžāύ’ āĻŦāϞāϤā§āύ āĻā§āύ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāύā§āϤāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϏā§āϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ āϝ⧠āĻŽā§āϧāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝā§āϰ āϏā§āϝā§āĻ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§¨: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ, āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ (Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire and War) āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) ā§§ā§ā§¯ā§¯ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻāϰā§āĻā§āĻāϰāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ āĻāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āύā§āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋā§āύ āĻŦā§āύāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻ āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϏā§āϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĻāĻāϞ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ ‘āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦā§āϰ āϏāύā§āϤāĻžāύ’ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤ ā§§ā§Žā§Ļā§Ē āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ ‘āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§§: āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ – āϰāĻāύāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ (āĻŽāĻžāύ – ā§Ž) āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ ā§§: ā§§ā§ā§Žā§¯ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦā§āϰ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ (⧍+ā§Š+ā§Š) āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: ā§§ā§ā§Žā§¯ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻĻāĻŋāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āύāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āώāĻŽā§āϝ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§§: āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦā§āϰ āĻā§ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ – āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ 1. āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϏā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻŽāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ? āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: ā§§ā§ā§Žā§¯ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻŦā§āώāĻŽā§āϝāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ⧠…
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§§: āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ – āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ (āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ-ā§§) 1. ‘āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāύ āϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ’ āĻŦāĻž ‘āĻ āĻāϏāĻŋā§āĻž āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽ’ (Ancien Regime) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ ā§§ā§ā§Žā§¯ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϏ⧠āϤāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒā§ āϝ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻā§ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§§: āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦā§āϰ āĻā§ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ (Some Aspects of the French Revolution) āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āϝā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧠⧧ā§ā§Žā§¯ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ āĻāĻ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϤāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϏā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āώāĻŽā§āϝāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϰāĻžāĻāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϏā§āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āώā§ā§āĻļ āϞā§āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻĒāĻļāĻžāϏāύ, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāϞāĻŋā§āĻžāĻĒāύāĻž …