āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 3: āĻāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤāĻŋ (āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – 2 āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ) 1. āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āϞā§āϰā§āĻ ($KClO_3$) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻļāϰā§āϤ āĻ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāϰāĻŖ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻļāϰā§āϤ: āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āϞā§āϰā§āĻ ($KClO_3$) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ ($MnO_2$)-āĻā§ 4:1 āĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻĒāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ $200^\circ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 3: āĻāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤāĻŋ (Introduction to Some Gases – Oxygen & Hydrogen) đŦī¸ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ, āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§āĻ āϞā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϰā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύâ āĻ āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ ($O_2$)āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāĻ, āĻāĻā§āύ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ, …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2.4: āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ (āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – 3 āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ) [Image demonstrating the basic mechanism of electrolysis with ions moving towards oppositely charged electrodes] 1. āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ (Electrolysis) āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāϞā§? āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻž: …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2.4: āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ (āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – 2 āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ) 1. āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώā§āϝ (Electrolyte) āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋā§-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώā§āϝ (Non-electrolyte) āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: 1. āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ: āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ āĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻā§āϤ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋā§-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώā§āϝ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2: āĻŽā§āϞ, āϝā§āĻ āĻ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻĒ-āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2.4: āϤāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ (Chemical Effects of Electric Current) ⥠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāύāĻŋ āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϏāĻšāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝā§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāϰā§āύā§āĻ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāϞ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāύā§, āĻāĻŋāĻā§ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2.3: āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž(āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – 3 āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ) 1. āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāύā§āϝāĻŧ āϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ (Oxidation) āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ (Reduction) āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāύā§āϝāĻŧ āϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§: āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ (Oxidation): āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§, āĻ āĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϝāĻŧāύ āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2.3: āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž (āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – 2 āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ) 1. āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ (Exothermic) āĻ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§ (Endothermic) āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: 1. āϤāĻžāĻĒā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ: āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻĒ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2: āĻŽā§āϞ, āϝā§āĻ āĻ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻĒ-āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2.3: āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž (Chemical Reactions) đĨ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāϤ āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāϞā§āĻā§! āϞā§āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§ āĻŽāϰāĻā§ āϧāϰāĻž, āĻĻā§āϧ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻāĻ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻāϝāĻŧāϞāĻž āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžâāĻāĻŽāύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āĻā§āϰ āĻā§āϤāϰ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2.2: āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ (āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – 3 āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ) 1. āϰāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻĢā§āϰā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻāϞāĻĢāĻž (Îą) āĻāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āϰāĻŖ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ (Observations) āϞā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻā§ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻĒāύā§āϤ āĻšāύ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ: 1. āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāϰāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϞāĻĢāĻž (Îą) āĻāĻŖāĻž āϏā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϤ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2.2: āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ (āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – 2 āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ) 1. āĻāύ āĻĄāĻžāϞāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ (Dalton’s Atomic Theory) āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻĄāĻžāϞāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻšāϞā§: 1. āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻ āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝ āĻ āϤāĻŋ āĻā§āώā§āĻĻā§āϰ, āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŖāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ, āϝāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§ …