āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§Š: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ ā§¨ā§ŽāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ (SAQ) ā§§. āύāĻŋāϰāĻā§āώāϰā§āĻāĻž (Equator) āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāϞā§? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ-āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāύāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻāĻž āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻ āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖâāĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻā§āϞāĻžāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰāĻā§āώāϰā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ ā§Ļ°āĨ¤ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§Š: āĻā§āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ ā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŖā§ (Determination of Location) āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻā§āϞāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļ, āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ āĻāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŖā§ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§¨: āϰāĻāύāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ (āĻŽāĻžāύ – ā§Ģ) ā§§. āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āϏāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§? āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰāϏāĻš āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āϰā§āϰā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āϞāĻžāύ⧠āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠…
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§¨: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ (āĻŽāĻžāύ – ā§Š) 1. āĻāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϤāĻŋ (Rotation) āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāϤāĻŋāϰ (Revolution) āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞā§: āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠…
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§¨: āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ (āĻŽāĻžāύ – ⧍) 1. āĻĢā§āϰā§āϞā§āϰ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ (Ferrel’s Law) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āϏā§āώā§āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻāϞāĻŋāϏ āĻŦāϞā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ ā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāϏā§āϰā§āϤ āϏā§āĻāĻž āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āύāĻž āĻšā§ā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻā§āϞāĻžāϰā§āϧ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§¨: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§āĻš(Movements of the Earth) āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻāĻžāĻŦāϤ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āϰā§āϝ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϰāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāĻļ āĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§āϞāĻžāϏ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāĻŋāĻāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āύ āϝā§, āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āύā§, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻ āĻā§āώā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āϞāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻā§āϰāϤ⧠āĻā§āϰāϤ⧠āϏā§āϰā§āϝā§āϰ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§§: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ (āĻŽāĻžāύ – ā§Š) 1. āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ ‘āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻĄ’ (Geoid) āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ āĻā§āύ? āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ āĻā§āϞ āύā§, āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽāϞāĻžāϞā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻ āύā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰāĻ āĻŽāϤā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ ‘āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻĄ’ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻšāϞā§â …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§§: āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ (āĻŽāĻžāύ – ⧍) 1. ‘āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻĄ’ (Geoid) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ āĻā§āϞ āύā§, āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽāϞāĻžāϞā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āĻāĻž āύā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰāĻ āĻŽāϤā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦāϤ āĻ āĻāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻ āĻŽāϏā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§§: āĻā§āϰāĻšāϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ (Planet Earth) āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰāϤ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āϏāĻŽāϤāϞ, āĻ āĻŋāĻ āϝā§āύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻā§āύā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ ‘āĻā§āϞ’ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āύāĻŋā§ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāϤāϰā§āĻ āĻāĻā§âāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāϞāĻžāϞā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, …