āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§Ž: āĻ āώā§āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ (āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻāύāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: ā§Ģ) đ ā§Ģ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ: ā§§. āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: ā§§ā§ā§Ļā§ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋā§ā§ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ ā§Ž: āĻ āώā§āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ (āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: ⧍/ā§Š) âī¸ ā§¨/ā§Š āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ ā§§ā§ŦāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ: ā§§. āĻ āώā§āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞâ āϏāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāϏā§āϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ, āϰāĻžāĻāĻĻāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧠…
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ 8: āĻ āώā§āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ (āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤā§āĻĨāĻžāύ) đ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āϏā§āĻāύāĻž āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ 1707 āĻā§āϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤ āύā§āĻŦā§ā§ āĻšā§ā§ āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§ā§ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āϏā§āϝā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύ āĻ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§: āĻā§āĻŦāύāϝāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ (āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻāύāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: ā§Ģ) đ ā§Ģ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ: ā§§. āϏā§āϞāϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāϞāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻŽāύā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§ā§ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāύ⧠…
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§: āĻā§āĻŦāύāϝāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ (āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: ⧍/ā§Š) âī¸ ā§¨/ā§Š āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ ā§§ā§ŦāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ: ā§§. ‘āĻāύā§āĻĻā§-āĻāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ’ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻŽāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāϤ āĻāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻžāύāĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§: āĻā§āĻŦāύāϝāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ (āϏā§āϞāϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϝā§āĻ) đ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āĻāύāĻž āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ āĻŽāϧā§āϝāϝā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻāϞāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻŽāύā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ, āϧāϰā§āĻŽ, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āϰā§āϤāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āϰā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāύā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āύāϤā§āύ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§Ŧ: āύāĻāϰ, āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝ (āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻāύāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: ā§Ģ) đ ā§Ģ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ: ā§§. āϏā§āϞāϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϝā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āύāϤā§āύ āύāϤā§āύ āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻāϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻŽāϧā§āϝāϝā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŦā§āĻļ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§Ŧ: āύāĻāϰ, āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝ (āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻāύāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: ā§Ģ) đ ā§Ģ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ: ā§§. āϏā§āϞāϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϝā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āύāϤā§āύ āύāϤā§āύ āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻāϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻŽāϧā§āϝāϝā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŦā§āĻļ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§Ŧ: āύāĻāϰ, āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝ (āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻāύāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: ā§Ģ) đ ā§Ģ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ: ā§§. āϏā§āϞāϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϝā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āύāϤā§āύ āύāϤā§āύ āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻāϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻŽāϧā§āϝāϝā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŦā§āĻļ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 6: āύāĻāϰ, āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝ (āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: 2/3) âī¸ 2/3 āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ 15āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ: 1. ‘āϝā§āĻāĻŋāύā§āĻĒā§āϰ’ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ ‘āĻĻāĻŋāϞā§āϞāĻŋ’ āύāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋāϞā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāϞ ‘āϝā§āĻāĻŋāύā§āĻĒā§āϰ’āĨ¤ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž …