āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2: āĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ (āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: 2) – āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ 1 āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§-āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ: 1. ‘āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž’ (Pangea) āĻāĻŦāĻ ‘āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύāĻĨāĻžāϞāĻžāϏāĻž’ (Panthalassa) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ 30 āĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āϏā§āĻĨāϞāĻāĻžāĻ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 2: āĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ (Unstable Earth) đ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) [Image of continental drift Pangea to modern earth] āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϝ⧠āĻļāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϰāĻŋ, āϤāĻž āĻāϏāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻāϰ āϧāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻāϤ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 1: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻŽāĻšāϞ (āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: 5) āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻŽāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ: 1. āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰāϏāĻš āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰāĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻā§āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϝāĻŧ āϤāϰāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻŽāĻšāϞāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĻ¨â …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 1: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻŽāĻšāϞ (āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: 3) – āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ 1 āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ: 1. āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻā§āύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āύā§? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻŽāĻšāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ: …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 1: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻŽāĻšāϞ (āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: 2) – āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ 1 āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§-āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ: 1. āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻŽāĻšāϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻŽāĻšāϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻĒāĻžā§ āύā§āĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰ āϤāϰāĻā§āĻā§āϰ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 1: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻŽāĻšāϞ(Interior of the Earth) đ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) [Image of interior of the earth crust mantle core] āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāϰā§, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻļāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ ā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ⧠āĻā§ āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 9: āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ – āĻāĻŖāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ āĻāύāĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ (āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: 5) āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻŽāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ: 1. āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧠āύāĻžāĻāϰāĻŋāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§ āĻā§ ‘āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ’ (Fundamental Rights) āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 9: āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ – āĻāĻŖāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ āĻāύāĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ (āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: 3) – āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ 1 āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ: 1. āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧠‘āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž’ (Preamble)-āĻāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻā§? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ ‘āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž’ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāύā§āϧ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āϝāĻžāϰ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 9: āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ – āĻāĻŖāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ āĻāύāĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ(āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϤā§āϤāϰ – āĻŽāĻžāύ: 2) – āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ 1 āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§-āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ: 1. ‘āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ’ (Constitution) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ? āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϰāĻžāώā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāϰ …
āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ 9: āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ – āĻāĻŖāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ āĻāύāĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ(Constitution of India) đ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž (Introduction) 1947 āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āϞāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻā§ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻāĻžāύā§āύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĄ. āĻŦāĻŋ. āĻāϰ. āĻāĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāϰā§āϰ āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖāĻĒāϰāĻŋāώāĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ 3 āĻŦāĻāϰ āϧāϰ⧠…